Fetched and read, dated
Sources we rely on
Every source here had its primary page fetched and its text read on a stated date, never carried over from a summary or a third-party site. What we could not fetch does not appear here, however well known it seems.
A source enters this page when we fetch its primary page ourselves, read its full text, record the date we fetched it, then quote it exactly rather than from a summary of it.
Naming a source here does not mean its publisher endorses our work, or that we comply with what any law requires. It is a record of what we quoted from it, and the limit of what it says.
Every source stands behind an evidence grade, from a national figure to Dawani’s own practice, as explained on the what we can prove page.
A source we could not fetch today is named without a link on the page that needs it, and nothing from it is quoted. It does not enter this register until we fetch and read it again.
Saudi sources
GASTAT: Early Childhood Development and Child Well-Being Statistics Publication 2024
From it we take patterns of digital-device use and the stimulating home learning environment among young children, as caregivers themselves reported. A newer edition carries different figures, so we check both editions before citing either.
GASTAT: Early Childhood Development and Child Well-Being Statistics 2025
The most recent edition of the same bulletin, and the edition we cite unless explicitly comparing years. It notes that some of its indicators now rest on a different data source than the earlier edition.
GASTAT: Population Estimates Publication 2024
From it we take the population’s breakdown by age and nationality, which shows the scale of the age group we design for within the wider population.
Saudi Press Agency: International Youth Day report on GASTAT data
From it we take the younger age groups’ share of the population, as general context rather than a figure we build a direct design argument on.
Saudi Press Agency: launch of the «الحياة مهارة» (Life Is a Skill) guide
From it we take that the Family Affairs Council directs a life-skills guide at parents under the Human Capability Development Program, and its age range does not cover early childhood.
Family Affairs Council: homepage
From it we take the Council’s published programme names exactly as they appear, and we do not attribute to it a programme not named on the site itself.
Family Affairs Council: strategic house
From it we take a published government link between children’s skills and protection across the home and cyberspace together.
Saudi Data & AI Authority (SDAIA): the Personal Data Protection Law
From it we take the articles on consent, purpose limitation and data minimisation, the legal basis for the data-minimisation tool. The law has no dedicated article for children’s data; it addresses the matter through the concept of a person lacking legal capacity and their legal guardian.
Data Governance Portal: Implementing Regulations of the Personal Data Protection Law
From it we take the legal guardian’s duty to verify their guardianship and act in the interest of a person lacking capacity, and that person’s right to reclaim their rights once they attain capacity.
National Cybersecurity Authority: parental controls against cyber risks
From it we take that parental controls guidance is aimed at families for awareness, not a regulatory requirement imposed on products themselves.
Saudi Press Agency: Human Rights Council resolution on child protection in cyberspace
From it we take that Saudi Arabia put forward an international initiative under this name, adopted by the Human Rights Council, as context for where children’s digital safety sits in public policy.
Saudi Press Agency (English): the Global Cybersecurity Forum’s partnership with UNICEF
From it we take that the partnership is global in scope, so its figures are not attributed to Saudi Arabia alone.
National Cybersecurity Authority: launch of the Child Protection in Cyberspace Index
From it we take only the index’s name and who launched it; its targets reached us through a summary rather than a directly verified text, so we do not cite them.
Saudi Press Agency: launch statement of the National Gaming and Esports Strategy
From it we take the strategy’s targets for GDP contribution, jobs and local content exactly as announced, targets for a stated future year rather than an achievement standing today.
Ministry of Education: the early-childhood and kindergarten page
From it we take the Ministry’s own definition of early childhood, its target for raising kindergarten enrolment, and the officially adopted name of the early learning and development standards.
National Center for Non-Profit Sector Development: Annual Report 2025
From it we take only the report’s name and year; the sector-indicator labels break apart when the text is extracted, so we do not cite sector-size figures from this file.
Saudi Press Agency: launch of the Child Culture Platform
From it we take the platform’s name and its announced sections, an example of Arabic digital cultural content for children from a government body.
Bureau of Experts at the Council of Ministers: the Child Protection Law
From it we take the law’s own definition of a child, their right to protection from abuse and neglect, and the principle of considering their interest in every measure concerning them, the closest Saudi text to a child’s best-interests principle.
W3Techs: usage share of content languages for websites
From it we take Arabic’s share of website content among sites whose language is known, a figure that keeps changing, so we always attach the date we fetched it.
International sources
OECD: Recommendation on Children in the Digital Environment
From it we take the Recommendation’s official name and general structure only; the file we fetched did not let us extract its actual principles text, so we do not quote a list of principles attributed to it.
UNICEF: Policy Guidance on AI for Children
From it we take the child-centred AI requirements as UNICEF published them, and we always check which edition is named because a later edition followed with a different set of requirements.
Responsible Data for Children (RD4C)
From it we take its principles for reading a child’s data across its whole life cycle rather than only the moment of collection, including proportionality, participation and professional accountability.
From it we take the recommendation’s direction toward limiting sedentary screen time the younger a child is, an input into designing the screen-value tool’s thresholds, not a medical figure we apply literally.
World Health Organization: physical-activity guidelines for children and adolescents
From it we take its call to limit sedentary time, particularly recreational screen time, as context for the movement dimension in the screen-value tool.
American Academy of Pediatrics: the Family Media Use Plan tool
From it we take its recommendations for screen-free zones and times, and turning off devices not in use, without the tool itself setting a specific hour limit.
European Commission: the Better Internet for Kids strategy (BIK+)
From it we take its pillars on safe digital experiences, digital empowerment and children’s active participation, a European framework for comparison, not a standard we apply in Saudi Arabia.
5Rights Foundation and the Digital Futures for Children centre: Child Rights by Design principles
From it we take principles built on a General Comment issued by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child on children’s digital rights, a comparison list when reviewing Dawani’s own Child-Safe Design framework.
Digital Futures for Children centre: publications on children’s digital rights
From it we take the titles of its publications on education-data design, free play and its own digital-terms glossary, comparison references when building Dawani’s own glossary.
Common Sense Media: the Census research series on children’s media use
From it we take only the research series’ name and history; the latest report’s own figures were not confirmed on the page itself, so we do not cite them.
Academic references
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.
From it we take self-determination theory, the basis of intrinsic motivation in our glossary and tools.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78.
From it we take the background for the autonomy dimension in the screen-value tool, and why daily streaks and random rewards are ranked as high-risk patterns.
Druin, A. (2002). The role of children in the design of new technology. Behaviour & Information Technology, 21(1), 1–25.
From it we take the possible roles a child can hold in designing technology, the basis of "participatory design with children" in our glossary.
Hart, R. A. (1992). Children’s Participation: From Tokenism to Citizenship. UNICEF Innocenti Essays, No. 4. Florence: UNICEF International Child Development Centre.
From it we take a ladder of children’s participation, from tokenism to genuine participation, and we use it as an internal yardstick when reviewing how participatory a project actually is.
Diamond, A. (2013). Executive Functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168.
From it we take the definition of executive functions and their gradual maturing with age, the basis of the executive-functions lens on our expertise page.
Stoilova, M., Nandagiri, R., & Livingstone, S. (2021). Children’s understanding of personal data and privacy online: a systematic evidence mapping. Information, Communication & Society, 24(4), 557–575.
From it we take that a child’s understanding of their digital privacy develops with age and cannot be assumed constant, which shapes how parental consent is worded by age band.
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